The phenomenon of anticipation in fencing. An applicability approach.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to determine the structure of muscular activity and ground reaction forces during the preparatory period and the execution of a fencing lunge at the opponent's torso. The analysis focused on the correlations between three phases of a fencing technical action in the context of factors of temporal anticipation. Methods: Six female épée fencers from the Polish National Fencing Team participated in the study. The research tools included electromyography (EMG), ground reaction force (GRF) platforms, and the OptiTrack motion capture system. The fencers performed the lunge three times in response to visual cues from the coach. By integrating the testing system, the EMG signal indices of the fencers' upper and lower limbs and the vertical force values of the fencers' front and rear leg muscles were obtained simultaneously. Results: The results of the study demonstrated the key role of five muscles: BICEPS BRACHII, LAT TRICEPS, EXTCARP RAD, BICEPS FEMORIS and MED GAS in influencing the speed of lunge execution. In addition, a significant correlation was found between the EMG signal of the gastrocnemius muscle of the rear leg and the movement time (MT) phase of the lunge execution. Discussion: The anticipatory activation of the EMG signal in relation to the vertical force waveforms generated by the ground forces response platform in the 15-30 ms interval was demonstrated. Finally, the importance of the preparatory period for the effectiveness of the fencing lunge was highlighted based on the phenomenon of anticipation.

Changes in hamstring contractile properties during the competitive season in young football players.

Background: The study aimed to examine alterations and imbalances in hamstring muscle contractile properties among young football players throughout their competitive season, and to understand how these changes might contribute to the risk of muscle injuries. Hamstring injuries are particularly common in football, yet the underlying causes and effective prevention methods remain unclear. Methods: The research involved 74 young footballers who were assessed before the season (pre-test) and after 12 weeks of training (post-test). To evaluate changes in hamstring muscle contractile properties, specifically the left and right biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST), tensiomyography (TMG) parameters were utilized. Results: In comparison to the BF muscle, significant differences in time delay (Td) between the left and right sides in the post-test (p = 0.0193), and maximal displacement (Dm) between the left and right sides at the pre-test (p = 0.0395). However, significant differences in Dm were observed only in the left ST muscle between the pre- and post-tests (p = 0.0081). Regarding lateral symmetry, BF registered measurements of 79.7 ± 13.43 (pre-test) and 77.4 ± 14.82 (post-test), whereas ST showed measurements of 87.0 ± 9.79 (pre-test) and 87.5 ± 9.60 (post-test). Conclusions: These assessments provided TMG reference data for hamstring muscles in young footballers, both before the season and after 12 weeks of in-season training. The observed changes in the contractile properties and decrease in lateral symmetry of the BF in both tests suggest an increased risk of injury.

Muscle contraction time after caffeine intake is faster after 30 minutes than after 60 minutes.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the optimal time point, either 30 or 60 minutes, at which muscle reactivity to caffeine administration is highest. Unlike previous studies that focused on the nervous system response, we employed tensiomyography (TMG) to directly assess the effects of caffeine on muscle fibers. METHODS: TMG measurements were performed on the gastrocnemius medialis muscle of 42 male athletes who regularly consumed caffeine. Participants received a dose of 6 mg/kg body weight and TMG measurements were taken prior to caffeine intake, as well as 30 and 60 minutes afterward. RESULTS: Analysis of TMG parameters including time to contraction (Tc), time delay (Td), and maximal displacement (Dm) revealed that muscles exhibited faster contractions and greater stiffness at the 30-minute mark compared to both pre-caffeine intake and the 60-minute time point. Time exerted a significant main effect on Tc (F(2, 246) = 12.09, p < .001, ή2p = 0.09), Td (F(2, 246) = 3.39, p = .035, ή2p = 0.03), and Dm (F(2, 246) = 6.83, p = .001, ή2p = 0.05), while no significant effect of body side was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that muscle contraction time (Tc) and delay time (Td) are influenced by the time elapsed since caffeine ingestion, with the fastest responses occurring after 30 minutes. Additionally, a systemic effect of caffeine was observed, as there were no discernible differences in measurements between the two sides of the body. TMG proves to be an effective noninvasive method for assessing muscle responses following caffeine administration.

Relationship between latent trigger points, lower limb asymmetry and muscle fatigue in elite short-track athletes.

BACKGROUND: Short-track speed skating movement involves asymmetric overloading of the lower left side of the body. The gluteus maximus fatigue limits the physical and mental athletic capacity to perform set tasks. A possible link between the presence of latent trigger points (LTrPs) and muscle fatigue development/persistence has been posited. The aim of the study was to determine whether elite short-track speed skating can result in the impairment of the musculoskeletal system of the lower limbs. METHODS: Elite short-track athletes as the experimental group (EXP) = 9, 19.5 ± 1.8 years, and healthy subjects as the control group (CON) = 18, 20.8 ± 1.2 years, were tested for: (i) lower limb loading asymmetry using ground reaction force (GRF) measurements during quiet standing, (ii) gluteus maximus fatigue measured with surface electromyography (sEMG) during the Biering-Sorensen test, and (iii) LTrPs presence in the 14 examined muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. RESULTS: There were between-group differences in the number of LTrPs, with the EXP group (left lower limb (LLL) n = 18, right lower limb (RLL) n = 9) showing more LTrPs compared to the CON group (LLL n = 2, RLL n = 1), (p < 0.001), and within-group differences in the EXP group only (p < 0.001). There were also significant differences in muscle fatigue for the left side (p < 0.001) both between the groups and within the EXP group (p ≤ 0.001). The vertical ground reaction force (GRF) measurement showed a loading rate of 2% (p = 0.013) in the athletes' LLL exclusively. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirmed an increased prevalence of LTrPs, increased muscle fatigue and left-sided limb load asymmetry in elite short-track athletes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Poznan University of Medical Sciences (Resolution No 110/22 of 10 March 2022). TRIAL REGISTRATION: 20/07/2022, Trial Id: ACTRN12622001016729.

Comparison of concentric and eccentric resistance training in terms of changes in the muscle contractile properties.

The habitual use of resistance exercises involving concentric and eccentric contractions can increase muscle strength, speed and endurance. However, current knowledge has limited potential to fully understand the application of such resistance training and the muscle changes that occur to differentiate these two types of training. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of concentric contraction (CON) and eccentric contraction (ECC) during an acute bout of resistance training on the hamstring contractile properties. A group of 20 female recreational athletes were divided into two equal groups, CON training and ECC training. The contractile properties of the muscles on both sides of the body were assessed using tensiomyography (TMG): biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST). The muscles were assessed twice, before and after 10 maximal repetitions of either concentric or eccentric isotonic contractions. The results indicate a greater change in TMG parameters with ECC training, with p < 0.001 (Td and Tc). An acute bout of resistance training induces changes in the muscle hamstrings contractile properties in both CON and ECC training. Eccentric training causes greater changes than concentric training, shortening contraction time (Td, Tc), increase radial displacement velocity (Vrd) and affecting changes in muscle belly displacement (Dm), so may be more effective in training.

Initial study on an expert system for spine diseases screening using inertial measurement unit.

In recent times, widely understood spine diseases have advanced to one of the most urgetn problems where quick diagnosis and treatment are needed. To diagnose its specifics (e.g. to decide whether this is a scoliosis or sagittal imbalance) and assess its extend, various kind of imaging diagnostic methods (such as X-Ray, CT, MRI scan or ST) are used. However, despite their common use, some may be regarded as (to a level) invasive methods and there are cases where there are contraindications to using them. Besides, which is even more of a problem, these are very expensive methods and whilst their use for pure diagnostic purposes is absolutely valid, then due to their cost, they cannot rather be considered as tools which would be equally valid for bad posture screening programs purposes. This paper provides an initial evaluation of the alternative approach to the spine diseases diagnostic/screening using inertial measurement unit and we propose policy-based computing as the core for the inference systems. Although the methodology presented herein is potentially applicable to a variety of spine diseases, in the nearest future we will focus specifically on sagittal imbalance detection.

Quantitative Assessment of Upper Limb Movement in Post-Stroke Adults for Identification of Sensitive Measures in Reaching and Lifting Activities.

BACKGROUND: The assumption of this work is the achievement of objective results of the movement structure, which forms the basis for in-depth analysis and, consequently, for determining the upper limb movements that are most affected by stroke compared to healthy people. METHODS: An analysis of relevant and systematically identified features of upper limb movement in post-stroke adults is presented based on scalable hypothesis tests. The basic features were calculated using movements defined by the x, y, and z coordinates (i.e., 3D trajectory time series) and compared to the results of post-stroke patients with healthy controls of similar age. RESULTS: After automatic feature selection, out of the 1004 common features of upper limb movement, the most differentiated were the upper arm movements in reaching kinematics. In terms of movement type, movements in the frontal plane (shoulder abduction and adduction) were the most sensitive to changes. The largest number of discriminating features was determined on the basis of acceleration time series. CONCLUSIONS: In the 3D assessment of functional activities of the upper limb, the upper arm turned out to be the most differentiated body segment, especially during abduction and adduction movements. The results indicate a special need to pay attention to abduction and adduction movements to improve the activities of daily living of the upper limbs after a stroke.

Comparison of the effects of six-week time-restricted eating on weight loss, body composition, and visceral fat in overweight older men and women.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a six-week time-restricted eating (TRE) intervention in reducing body weight, fat loss, and visceral fat in overweight, older adult men and women (age range = 65-74 years). Another objective was to determine the feasibility of widespread use of TRE in older women and men. The study randomly assigned 116 healthy, non-smoking participants to one of two conditions: TRE or educational control participants. Participants in the TRE group were instructed to not consume calorie containing beverages or food for 16 h per day, from 8:00 pm to 12:00 pm. Participants in the control group were instructed to follow a meal plan based on their previous habits. The changes in body weight and body composition were determined using a SECA mBCA 515 analyzer. The six-week TRE intervention resulted in a significant decrease in body weight in both men and women (-1.8 kg and-1.3 kg, respectively; p = 0.03). In men, a significant decrease in visceral fat mass (-0.54 l; p ≤ 0.001) and waist circumference (-2.9 cm; p ≤ 0.015) was observed. No significant changes in either visceral fat or waist circumference were observed in women. Additionally, no change in skeletal muscle mass was observed in either the control or TRE group. More than 99 % of female and 98 % of male participants were able to adhere to the prescribed time-restricted eating (16/8) plan, suggesting that this dietary approach could have beneficial effects on the body composition of overweight older men and may also reduce body weight in overweight, older women.

Age-Related Differences in Intermuscular Coherence EMG-EMG of Ankle Joint Antagonist Muscle Activity during Maximal Leaning.

BACKGROUND: Intermuscular synchronization is one of the fundamental aspects of maintaining a stable posture and is of great importance in the aging process. This study aimed to assess muscle synchronization and postural stabilizer asymmetry during quiet standing and the limits of stability using wavelet analysis. Intermuscular synchrony and antagonistic sEMG-sEMG (surface electromyography) coherence asymmetry were evaluated in the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles. METHODS: The study involved 20 elderly (aged 65 ± 3.6) and 20 young (aged 21 ± 1.3) subjects. The task was to perform a maximum forward bend in a standing position. The prone test was divided into three phases: quiet standing (10 s), dynamic learning, and maintenance of maximum leaning (20 s). Wavelet analysis of coherence was performed in the delta and beta bands. RESULTS: Young subjects modulated interface coherences to a greater extent in the beta band. Analysis of postural stability during standing tasks showed that only the parameter R2b (the distance between the maximal and minimal position central of pressure), as an indicator for assessing the practical limits of stability, was found to be significantly associated with differences in aging. CONCLUSION: The results showed differences in the beta and delta band oscillations between young and older subjects in a postural task involving standing quietly and leaning forward.

Effect of a six-week times restricted eating intervention on the body composition in early elderly men with overweight.

The main aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of time-restricted eating (TRE) in reducing body fat and lowering body mass index in early elderly men with overweight (65-74 years). An additional goal was to determine the feasibility of applying TRE for extensive use in elderly men. This study included a group of 46 healthy men (EXP = 23 persons, CON = 23 persons). The six-week intervention in the experimental group involved complete abstinence from food intake for 16 h per day, from 08:00 to 12:00 p.m. After the intervention, the body weight decreased in the EXP group (- 1.92 kg) with a 95% CI (1.14-2.70) compared to the CON group. There was also a decrease in the Visceral fat mass (- 0.64 l) with 95% CI (0.46-0.82) and in the waist circumference (- 3.11 cm) with 95% CI (1.89-4.33) in the EXP group compared to the CON group. The skeletal muscle mass did not change significantly. There was no significant change in the control group, either. The application of TRE in early elderly overweight men resulted in positive changes in body composition and visceral fat. All participants succeed in the prescribed diet plan, which shows that TRE is easy to maintain for early elderly overweight men and may become an essential obesity treatment tool in these age groups.

Correlations between the EMG Structure of Movement Patterns and Activity of Postural Muscles in Able-Bodied and Wheelchair Fencers.

The study involved Paralympic wheelchair fencers (N = 7) in two disability categories, and able-bodied female epee fencers (N = 7), members of the polish paralympic fencing teams. The performance of postural muscles and sword arm muscles in both groups of fencers, and of the front and rear leg muscles in the able-bodied fencers, was examined using surface electromyography with an accelerometer and the OptiTrack motion analysis system, as well as ground force reaction platforms. The activation sequence of individual muscles was determined and the structure of movement patterns in able-bodied and wheelchair fencers was formulated. A statistically significant correlation was found between the complex motor reaction time and latissimus dorsi muscle activation (p = 0.039, Z = -2.062) in wheelchair fencers. High correlations between the vertical force and EMG signal values of the gastrocnemius caput laterale muscle (0.85 for p = 0.022) were found in able-bodied fencers. A heuristic analysis indicated the significance of postural muscles in the movement patterns of wheelchair and able-bodied fencers. These muscles play a crucial role in the anticipatory postural adjustment of the trunk during technical fencing actions, including attacks on the opponent's body.

Caffeine-Induced Effects on Human Skeletal Muscle Contraction Time and Maximal Displacement Measured by Tensiomyography.

Studies on muscle activation time in sport after caffeine supplementation confirmed the effectiveness of caffeine. The novel approach was to determine whether a dose of 9 mg/kg/ body mass (b.m.) of caffeine affects the changes of contraction time and the displacement of electrically stimulated muscle (gastrocnemius medialis) in professional athletes who regularly consume products rich in caffeine and do not comply with the caffeine discontinuation period requirements. The study included 40 professional male handball players (age = 23.13 ± 3.51, b.m. = 93.51 ± 15.70 kg, height 191 ± 7.72, BMI = 25.89 ± 3.10). The analysis showed that in the experimental group the values of examined parameters were significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.001) (contraction time: before = 20.60 ± 2.58 ms/ after = 18.43 ± 3.05 ms; maximal displacement: before = 2.32 ± 0.80 mm/after = 1.69 ± 0.51 mm). No significant changes were found in the placebo group. The main achievement of this research was to demonstrate that caffeine at a dose of 9 mg/kg in professional athletes who regularly consume products rich in caffeine has a direct positive effect on the mechanical activity of skeletal muscle stimulated by an electric pulse.

Muscle activation time and free-throw effectiveness in basketball.

This study attempts to analyze the relationship between free-throw efficiency and the time of arm muscle activation in players from 3 basketball teams with different levels of experience was investigated. During the experiment each player made 20 free throws during which the activation time of his right and left biceps and triceps brachii muscles were measured with the use of surface electromyography and high-speed cameras. Significant differences in muscle activation time (t) during a free throw were found between the groups of basketball players (p = 0.038) (novices: t = 0.664 ± 0.225 s, intermediate-level players: t = 1.15 ± 0.146 s, experts: t = 1.01 ± 0.388 s). In the right triceps brachii muscle in expert basketball players the coefficient of variation (CV) amounted to 44.60% at 81% efficiency, and in novices to 27.12% at 53% efficiency. The time of arm muscle activation during a free throw and its fluctuations vary along with the training experience of basketball players. In all studied groups of players, the variability of muscle activation time in accurate free throws is greater than in inaccurate free throws. Free-throw speed is irrelevant for free-throw efficiency.

Training induced fatigability assessed by sEMG in Pre-Olympic ice-skaters.

The aim of this study was to investigate the size of the change and asymmetry in fatigability of gluteus maximus muscles during endurance training in short-track. The research has taken into account the position of athletes during skating and the problem of fatigue and pain in these muscles. The research covered involved eight female athletes of the Polish National Team in short track, which had been prepared to the Olympic Games in PyeongChang. The surface electromyography (sEMG) system was used to measure fatigue of right and left gluteus maximus muscles, in the modified Biering-Sorensen test. The test was conducted five times during the training: before training, after warmup, and after each of 3 series of the endurance training. Comparing the mean frequency of the surface electromyography power spectrum of the test, statistically significant reduction of the average frequency value of the right muscle from 55.61 ± 7.08 to 48.64 ± 4.48 Hz and left muscle from 58.78 ± 4.98 to 53.18 ± 4.62 Hz was reported, which prove the muscle fatigue. In subsequent series tests, the sEMG signal frequency of begin decrease more than the end of the each measurement, which determines the fatigue threshold. The size of the d Cohen effect in fatigue drops along with subsequent five tests during the training. Skaters has higher frequency reduction of the right lower limb, which indicates its greater fatigue during skateing. The fatigue and asymmetry in muscle observed in short-track has implications for training and performance.

Asymmetrical fatiguing of the gluteus maximus muscles in the elite short-track female skaters.

BACKGROUND: According to research, fast skating on short distances increases functional asymmetry of leg muscles. As has been proven in many sporting disciplines, this asymmetry can increase the risk of injury. The aim of the study was to analyze the level of right and left myolectrical manifestations of fatigue asymmetry of gluteus maximus muscle in elite skaters on a short track and to compare this phenomenon to a control group. The muscles were chosen deliberately, due to their influence in maintaining the right position during training on ice. METHODS: The experiment compared a group of eight members of the Polish Women's National Team in short track with a group of eight non-training people. The subjects did the Biering-Sorensen test, in which sEMG (surface electromyography) signal frequency was measured in the gluteus maximus muscles during an isometric contraction. Myolectrical manifestations of fatigue slopes were analyzed with a ANOVA with repeated measures. In the skaters, the myolectrical manifestations of fatigue differed between the right and the left gluteus maximus muscles. All the skaters had higher myolectrical manifestations of fatigue in the right leg. This phenomenon was not observed in the non-training subjects, who on average had similar myolectrical manifestations of fatigue in both legs. RESULTS: Results showed that the right and the left muscles of the skaters in the experimental group differed in myolectrical manifestations of fatigue, but this difference was non-significant in the control group.The subjects from the two groups did not differ in the myolectrical manifestations of fatigue of the left muscle, they did in the myolectrical manifestations of fatigue of the right muscle. The elite speed-track skaters had higher myolectrical manifestations of fatigue in the right muscle than the non-training subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Training should thus be planned in a way that minimizes the risk of causing muscle myolectrical manifestations of fatigue asymmetry in skaters despite the typically asymmetrical muscle work during training on ice and competition, thus new training protocols should be developed or considered to decrease that asymmetry. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The tests were previously approved by the Bioethical Commission of the Chamber of Physicians in Opole. (Resolution No. 235 of 13 December 2016).

Effect of a Six-Week Intermittent Fasting Intervention Program on the Composition of the Human Body in Women over 60 Years of Age.

The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of intermittent fasting (IF) in reducing body fat and lowering body mass index. An additional objective was to determine the feasibility of applying IF in overweight women over 60 years of age, which was assessed by the ratio of subjects who resigned from the diet plan. This study included a group of 45 women over 60 years of age. The intervention in the experimental group involved complete abstinence from food intake for 16 h per day, from 20:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m. (the next day). The results demonstrated that the body weight in the subjects in the experimental group (EXP) group decreased by almost 2 kg and this decrease was visible in the remaining parameters related to body fat mass. The skeletal muscle mass did not change significantly, which indicates an actual decrease in the fat mass. The proportion of subjects who did not succeed in following the prescribed diet plan was 12%. The application of intermittent fasting in female subjects over 60 years of age resulted in positive changes in body composition. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) was characterized by a lower resignation rate compared to other diets involving intermittent fasting.

Effectiveness and Durability of Transfer Training in Fencing.

This paper reports the results of an experiment that aimed to study transfer training in fencing. Fencers from the experimental group underwent six-week transfer training while those from the control group underwent regular fencing training. The fencers' performance was analyzed thrice: before the experimental training (pretest), immediately after it (posttest), and four weeks after it (retention test). Using a device that simulates fencing moves and analyzes the accuracy of such performance, participants completed, with both hands, three tests related to straight thrust accuracy. While no differences in hand grip strength was observed between the two groups across the three tests, significant differences occurred in terms of their performance on the device. The groups did not differ in the pretests and the retention tests. However, the fencers from the experimental group generally performed better in postests than prestests. These results show that bilateral transfer can be effective in foil fencing training, although its positive effects are short-term. In order to be effective, transfer training should be used as a regular training tool.

Flèche versus Lunge as the Optimal Footwork Technique in Fencing.

The objective of the study reported in this paper involved identifying the fencing attack (flèche versus lunge) that provides greater effectiveness in a real competition. Two hypotheses are presented in the study. The first hypothesis involves the greater effectiveness of the flèche with regard to bioelectric muscular tension, and the second hypothesis involves the reduction of movement time of the flèche. Therefore, analyses were conducted by the application of EMG (electromyography) signal, ground reaction forces, and parameters representing sensorimotor responses (RT-reaction time and MT-movement time). This study included six world-leading female épée fencers (mean age: 24.6 ± 6.2 years). Throughout the procedure, the subjects performed flèche and lunge touches at the command of the coach based on visual stimuli. The experimental results indicated the greater effectiveness of the flèche compared with the lunge with regard to increases in EMG values (p = 0.027) in the lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscles and decreases in the duration of the movement phase (p = 0.049) and vertical force of the rear leg (p = 0.028). In conclusion, higher levels of EMG and ground reaction forces were generated during the flèche compared with the lunge, which promotes an improvement in the explosive force and contributes to a reduction in the movement phase of the entire offensive action.

Analysis of Ankle sEMG on Both Stable and Unstable Surfaces for Elderly and Young Women-A Pilot Study.

Body aging is frequently accompanied with numerous consequences such as increased tendency to falls, which may be connected not only with the impaired ability of keeping balance, but also with some limitations of the system responsible for the maintenance of balance. The aim of this study was defining the importance of muscle activity in the ankle joint when standing on stable and unstable surfaces with eyes open and closed as well as examining indications of the influence of body aging on the activity of the selected muscles. The study was carried out on a group of 20 healthy women divided into two age groups (aged 24 ± 3.6 years and aged 64 ± 4.2 years). The activity of muscles stabilizing the ankle joint while standing on different types of surfaces was tested with an EMG (surface electromyography) on both elderly and young women during trials with open and closed eyes. The tests showed higher activation in the evaluated muscles of the anterior group (tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL)) of elderly women. For the posterior shin muscles of both groups, a higher activation was observed in the gastrocnemius lateralis muscle (GL) of elderly women, whereas gastrocnemius medialis muscle (GM) showed highly comparable activity. The results obtained in this work confirm the importance of proprioception training and muscle strength in the rehabilitation of older people as well as in prophylactic exercise aimed toward the prevention of ankle injuries.

Intensity-Dependent Effects of a Six-Week Balance Exercise Program in Elderly Women.

The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying falls in the elderly. The results were based on a group of 28 women in a control group (CON) and 16 women in an experimental group (EXP), aged 60⁻70. Participants took part in the six-weeks Elderly Recreation Movement Program (ERMP) with the only difference that the EXP group practiced twice as often as the CON group. The measurement of variations in the index called limits of stability (LOS) was performed by application of Kistler force plate and the coactivation index (CI) was registered by means of sEMG. The results demonstrate the existence of statistically significant differences in terms of the principal outcome of the exercise time in the measurements of LOS (F(1.42) = 10.0, p = 0.003), and CI (F(1.42) = 10.5, p = 0.002). The effect of the program was associated with an increase the level of the maximum LOS, and a decrease of the CI level, especially in the experimental group. Hence, the implementation of an innovative ERMP exercise program results in the improvement of the physical capabilities of senior subjects.